Four Decades of AI in Portugal

Four Decades of AI in Portugal

Four key decades

main greenhouse gas is continuing to increase in the atmosphere at an alarming rate. The level of the gas at the Zeppelin research station in Svalbard peaked at more than 397 ppm, an increase of more than 2.5 ppm on 2008. Carbon dioxide levels at Svalbard tend to be higher than the global average, but scientists said the carbon dioxide level they had measured was unprecedented, even for that lo...

Four Decades of Scientific Explanation

The search for scientific knowledge extends far back into antiquity. At some point in that quest, at least by the time of Aristotle, philosophers recognized that a fundamental distinction should be drawn between two kinds of scientific knowledge—roughly, knowledge that and knowledge why. It is one thing to know that each planet periodically reverses the direction of its motion with respect to t...

Lasers in dermatology: four decades of progress.

Advances in laser technology have progressed so rapidly during the past decade that successful treatment of many cutaneous concerns and congenital defects, including vascular and pigmented lesions, tattoos, scars, and unwanted hair-can be achieved. The demand for laser surgery has increased substantially by patients and dermatologists alike as a result of the relative ease with which many of th...

Four decades of kidney transplantation in Cuba.

This article describes the background, beginnings, development, evolution and outcomes of kidney transplantation in Cuba. Nephrology as a medical specialty in Cuba began in 1962 and was formalized in 1966. Conditions were created to implement renal replacement therapy (including transplants), bring nephrology care to the entire country and train human resources who would assume this responsibil...